Background: The most common route for managing bronchial asthma is using inhaled medications. Correct inhaler technique requires steps performed in sequence. However, various studies have reported critical errors in the inhaler technique by patients. Objectives: To estimate the frequency and identify the determinant of the appropriate use of Metered- Dose Inhaler technique among asthmatic patients attending pulmonary clinics in Al Noor Specialist Hospital and Hera General Hospital, in Makkah Al Mukarramah, 2018. Material and methods: Cross-sectional study included 145 asthmatic adult patients recruited from 30thSepmber – 30thOctober 2018 from pulmonary clinics at the mentioned hospitals. An Interview validated questionnaire was usedbased on Asthma Control Test- for data collection and observational validated checklist. Results:Among 145 asthmatic patients, the mean age was 48 and standard deviation ±16.1 years.Overall, asthma was controlled among 31.7% of patients, based on the Adult Control Test. The appropriate use of metered-dose inhalers technique by asthmatic patients was observed among 35.2% of them. It was significantly higher observed among patients live in Makkah (p=0.004), single patients (p=0.013), higher education (p=0.006), with income ranged between 9001 and 10000 SR/month (p<0.001) and young (p=0.005).

Background: Tuberculosis is one of the most ancient infectious diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The population most affected is the young and economically productive one. The social factors include poor quality of life, poor housing, overcrowding, population explosion, under nutrition, lack of education, and last but not the least lack of awareness of cause of illness. Aims and Objectives: 1. To study the clinical presentation of tuberculosis in patients. 2. To study various risk factors of tuberculosis. Material and Methods: This study was conducted at selected designated microscopic centre (DMCs) Kanpur Nagar district has a population of 45.73lakh ( Census 2011).All the patients who were registered in the selected DMCs in the last one month of the year 2016 ( between April and May) were taken into consideration for the present study. Data was collected on predesigned and pretested questionnaire using direct personal interview method of patients at DMCs on the DOTS days of the week i.e Monday, Wednesday and Friday. Informed consent of the study subjects was taken before interview. A total of 105 registered patients were interviewed personally and also the treatment card of patients was obtained from their respective DMCs. Results: Out of 105 cases of tuberculosis which reported at DMCs maximum no. of patients belongs to age group between 21-40 yrs of age group (58%). Majority of cases were married (65.7%) cases. (62%) cases were Hindu by religion and (58%) belongs to other backward caste. In the study we found majority of patient was illiterate (34.3%). Most common clinical presentation was cough, fever and cough with expectoration, anorexia was reported in (61.9 %) of cases (77%) were cigarette/bidi smokers, 60% were tobacco chewer. Diabetes was reported in (12.4%) cases and (3.8%) cases were HIV positive

In this research with crystallization method, saffron Crocin was extracted. Ethanol 80% and acetone was chosen as the best extraction solvent. Crystallization and purification process was performed in two steps in zero and -5c° degree. In first step, saffron Crocin was extracted with ethanol and after keeping in - 5c° for 23 days obtained Crystals were separated. Obtained Crocin crystals from the first step had low purity and thepure crystals were yielded during the second crystallization.